tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17563239203589790992024-03-13T03:08:27.730-07:00music-musicbhter.03http://www.blogger.com/profile/14217416532291039559noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1756323920358979099.post-14347011448033831382009-05-29T00:40:00.000-07:002009-05-29T00:44:27.136-07:00bhter.03http://www.blogger.com/profile/14217416532291039559noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1756323920358979099.post-60673685422150487852009-05-28T23:48:00.000-07:002009-05-29T00:33:43.163-07:00music<p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Music</b> is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> form whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_%28arts%29" title="Media (arts)">medium</a> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> organized in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>. Common elements of music are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_%28music%29" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> (which governs <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> (and its associated concepts <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meter_%28music%29" title="Meter (music)">meter</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulation_%28music%29" title="Articulation (music)">articulation</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_%28music%29" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamics</a>, and the sonic qualities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_%28music%29" title="Texture (music)">texture</a>. The word derives from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>μουσική</i> (<i>mousike</i>), "(art) of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muses" title="Muses" class="mw-redirect">Muses</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The creation, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a>, significance, and even the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition_of_music" title="Definition of music">definition of music</a> vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their recreation in performance), through improvisational music to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleatory" title="Aleatory" class="mw-redirect">aleatoric</a> forms. Music can be divided into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre#subgenre" title="Genre">subgenres</a>, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. Within "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>", music may be classified as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing art</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a>, and auditory art.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">To people in many cultures, music is inextricably intertwined into their way of life. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophy" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophers</a> and ancient Indians defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a> thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a>, only sound."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> According to musicologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiez" title="Jean-Jacques Nattiez">Jean-Jacques Nattiez</a>, "the border between music and noise is always culturally defined—which implies that, even within a single society, this border does not always pass through the same place; in short, there is rarely a consensus.... By all accounts there is no <i>single</i> and <i>intercultural</i> universal concept defining what music might be, except that it is 'sound through time'."<br /></p><p>Art of combining sounds into a structured form, usually according to conventional patterns and for an aesthetic (artistic) purpose. Music is generally divided into different genres or styles such as <a href="http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/classical+music">classical music</a>, <a href="http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/pop+music">pop music</a>, <a href="http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/country">country</a>, and so on.</p><p>The Greek word <i>mousikē</i> covered all the arts presided over by the <a href="http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Muse">Muses</a>. The various civilizations of the ancient and modern world developed their own musical systems. Eastern music recognizes smaller changes of pitch than does mainstream Western music (with the exception of much 20th-century contemporary art music) and also differs from Western music in that the absence, until recently, of written notation ruled out the composition of major developed works, though these are created through improvisation using melodic and rhythmic patterns governed by particular modes and formal devices. Such improvisations (as in the Indian <a href="http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/raga">raga</a>) can last up to 70 minutes, interpreted by virtuosos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">major:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><br /><b>1.Dance</b><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;">(from </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;"> </span><i style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;">danser</i><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;">, perhaps from </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frankish_language" title="Old Frankish language" class="mw-redirect">Frankish</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;">) is a </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;"> and </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_form" title="Art form" class="mw-redirect">art form</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;"> that generally refers to </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_%28physics%29" title="Motion (physics)">movement</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;"> of the body, usually rhythmic and to music,</span><sup style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;" id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;"> used as a form of </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;">, </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a> <a style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_interaction" title="Social interaction">interaction</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;"> or presented in a </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;"> or </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 102); font-family: georgia;"> setting.</span><br /><strong class="selflink"></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong class="selflink">2.Music</strong><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(51, 0, 51); font-weight: bold;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">3.Opera</a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 0, 51);"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre"><br /><b style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">Opera</b><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> is an </span></a><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">art form</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> in which </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singers" title="Singers" class="mw-redirect">singers</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> and </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicians" title="Musicians" class="mw-redirect">musicians</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> perform a </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramatic</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> </span><i style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">work</i><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> (called an opera) which combines a text (called a </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">) and a </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_score" title="Musical score" class="mw-redirect">musical score</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">.</span><sup style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> Opera is part of the Western </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> tradition.</span><sup style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">acting</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">, </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenery" title="Scenery" class="mw-redirect">scenery</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> and </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">costumes</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">, accompanied by an </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> or smaller </span><a style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">musical ensemble</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">.</span><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre"><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">4.Theatre</span><br /><b style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Theatre</b><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"> (or </span><b style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">theater</b><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">, see </span></a><a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-re.2C_-er" title="American and British English spelling differences">spelling differences</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">) is the branch of the </span><a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"> defined by </span><a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Beckerman" title="Bernard Beckerman">Bernard Beckerman</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"> as what "occurs when one or more </span><a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">persons</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">, isolated in time and/or </span><a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_%28structure%29" title="Theater (structure)">space</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">, present themselves to </span><a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">another or others</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">."</span><sup style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"> By this broad definition, theatre has existed since the dawn of man, as a result of human tendency for </span><a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">. Since its inception, theatre has come to take on many forms, utilizing speech, gesture, music, dance, and spectacle, combining the other performing arts, often as well as the visual arts, into a single artistic form.</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre"><br /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">minor:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_arts" title="Circus arts">Circus Arts</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_%28illusion%29" title="Magic (illusion)"><br /></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Circus arts</b> refers to a body of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> featured in, derived from, or inspired by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a> productions.There are two main genres of circus arts: <i>traditional</i>, often referred to as "Old Circus Arts" and <b>contemporary</b>, sometime called "new circus arts". Below is a table comparing several distinct aspects of traditional and contemporary circus arts.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_%28illusion%29" title="Magic (illusion)"><br />Magic</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry"><br /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Magic</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_art" title="Performing art" class="mw-redirect">performing art</a> that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertain" title="Entertain" class="mw-redirect">entertains</a> an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a> by creating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusions</a> of seemingly impossible<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_%28illusion%29#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_%28illusion%29#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> feats, using purely natural means. These feats are called <i>magic tricks</i>, <i>effects</i> or <i>illusions</i>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">One who performs such illusions is called a <i>magician</i>. Some performers may also be referred to by names reflecting the type of magical effects they present, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleight_of_hand" title="Sleight of hand">prestidigitators</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjuration#Contemporary_references" title="Conjuration">conjurors</a>, illusionists, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalism" title="Mentalism">mentalists</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapology" title="Escapology">escape artists</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">ventriloquists</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry"><br /><br />Puppetry<br /></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Puppetry</b> is a form of theatre or performance which involves the manipulation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppets" title="Puppets" class="mw-redirect">puppets</a>. It is very ancient, and is believed to have originated 30,000 years BC. Puppetry takes many forms but they all share the process of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animating" title="Animating" class="mw-redirect">animating</a> inanimate performing objects. Puppetry is used in almost all human societies both as an entertainment – in performance – and ceremonially in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituals" title="Rituals" class="mw-redirect">rituals</a> and celebrations such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a>.Most puppetry involves <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a>. The impact of puppetry depends on the process of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation" title="Transformation">transformation</a> of puppets, which has much in common with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_%28illusion%29" title="Magic (illusion)">magic</a> and with play. Thus puppetry can create complex and magical theatre with relatively small resources.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry"><br /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">genres:</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Drama</b> is the specific <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_%28literature%29" title="Mode (literature)">mode</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">represented</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elam98_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama#cite_note-elam98-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The term comes from a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> word meaning "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_%28philosophy%29" title="Action (philosophy)">action</a>" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greek" title="Classical Greek" class="mw-redirect">Classical Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">δράμα</span>, <i>dráma</i>), which is derived from "to do" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greek" title="Classical Greek" class="mw-redirect">Classical Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">δράω</span>, <i>dráō</i>). The enactment of drama in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, performed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actors</a> on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_%28theatre%29" title="Stage (theatre)">stage</a> before an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>, presupposes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaborative</a> modes of production and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collective</a> form of reception. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_structure" title="Dramatic structure">structure of dramatic texts</a>, unlike other forms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">early modern</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1601_in_literature" title="1601 in literature">1601</a>) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">classical Athenian</a> tragedy <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus_the_King" title="Oedipus the King">Oedipus the King</a></i> (c. 429 BCE) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> are among the supreme masterpieces of the art of drama.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama#cite_note-2" title=""><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy"><br /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Tragedy</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" title="Ancient Greek language" class="mw-redirect">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%E1%BF%B3%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:τραγῳδία">τραγῳδία</a></span>, <i>tragōidia</i>, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">song</a>") is a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">art</a> based on human <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a> that offers its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> While most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> have developed forms that provoke this paradoxical response, tragedy refers to a specific <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_tradition" title="Poetic tradition">tradition</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> That tradition has been multiple and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a powerful effect of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a> and historical continuity--"the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Greeks</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethans</a>, in one cultural form; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" title="Christian">Christians</a>, in a common activity," as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a> puts it.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy#cite_note-2" title=""><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> From its obscure origins in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">theatres of Athens</a> 2500 years ago, from which there survives only a fraction of the work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, through its singular articulations in the works of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Racine</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a>, to the more recent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_%28theatre%29" title="Naturalism (theatre)">naturalistic</a> tragedy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett's</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> meditations on death, loss and suffering, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Müller's</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernist</a> reworkings of the tragic canon, tragedy has remained an important site of cultural experimentation, negotiation, struggle, and change.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy#cite_note-3" title=""><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> A long line of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophers" title="Philosophers" class="mw-redirect">philosophers</a>--which includes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a>--have analysed, speculated upon and criticised the tragic form.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy#cite_note-4" title=""><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> In the wake of Aristotle's <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetics_%28Aristotle%29" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> (335 BCE), tragedy has been used to make <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> distinctions, whether at the scale of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> in general, where the tragic divides against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a>, or at the scale of the drama, where tragedy is opposed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_%28drama%29" title="Comedy (drama)">comedy</a>. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modern</a> era, tragedy has also been defined against drama, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">the tragicomic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">epic theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy#cite_note-5" title=""><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy"><br />Comedy</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy"><br /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The comic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> origins are found everywhere <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Northrop Frye</a> described the comic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> as a drama that pits two societies against each other in an amusing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agon" title="Agon">agon</a> or conflict. He depicted these two opposing sides as a "Society of Youth" and a "Society of the Old" (The Anatomy of Criticism, 1957), but this <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> is seldom described as an entirely satisfactory explanation.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">A later view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes; in this sense, the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority, and is left with little choice but to take recourse to ruses which engender very dramatic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> which provokes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laughter</a> (Marteinson, 2006).</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Much comedy contains variations on the elements of surprise, incongruity, conflict, repetitiveness,and there are also adult comedy, and the effect of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">opposite expectations</a>, but there are many recognized <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> of comedy. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">political satire</a> use ironic comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, thus alienating their audience from the object of humor.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">Parody</a> borrows the form of some popular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">artwork</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text" title="Text">text</a> but uses certain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">ironic</a> changes to critique that form from within (though not necessarily in a condemning way). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy" class="mw-redirect">Screwball comedy</a> derives its humor largely from bizarre, surprising (and improbable) situations or characters. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a> is defined by dark humor that makes light of so called dark or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> elements in human nature. Similarly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_humor" title="Toilet humor" class="mw-redirect">scatological humor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexual_humor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sexual humor (page does not exist)">sexual humor</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_humor" title="Race humor" class="mw-redirect">race humor</a> create comedy by violating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_%28norm%29" title="Convention (norm)">social conventions</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a> in comedic ways.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">comedy of manners</a> typically takes as its subject a particular part of society (usually upper class society) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic comedy</a> is a popular genre that depicts burgeoning romance in humorous terms, and focuses on the foibles of those who are falling in love.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy"><br />Tragicomedy</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_%28genre%29" title="Romance (genre)"><br /><b>Tragicomedy</b> is </a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fictional</a> work that blends aspects of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>, from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare" title="Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect">Shakespeare</a>'s time to the nineteenth century, tragicomedy referred to a serious <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_%28theatre%29" title="Play (theatre)">play</a> with a happy ending or a serious play with an unhappy ending, which however may be filled with jokes throughout.<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_%28genre%29" title="Romance (genre)"><br />Romance</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">As a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genre</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>, <b>romance</b> or <b>chivalric romance</b> refers to a style of heroic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verse_%28poetry%29" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> that was particularly current in aristocratic literature of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_Europe" title="Early Modern Europe" class="mw-redirect">Early Modern Europe</a>, that narrated fantastic stories about the marvelous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure" title="Adventure">adventures</a> of a chivalrous, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a>, often of super-human ability, who goes on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">quest</a>. Popular literature also drew on themes of romance, but with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">ironic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satiric</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque_%28genre%29" title="Burlesque (genre)">burlesque</a> intent. Romances often reworked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a> and traditional tales about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland" title="Roland">Roland</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>. A related tradition existed in Northern Europe, and comes down to us in the form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epics</a>, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, which were deeply imbued with dreamlike and magical elements foreign to the classical epics.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Originally, romance literature was written in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman" title="Anglo-Norman">Anglo-Norman</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan" title="Occitan" class="mw-redirect">Occitan</a>, later, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. During the early 13th century romances were increasingly written as prose. In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a>, such as faithfulness in adversity. From <i>ca.</i> 1800 the connotations of "romance" moved from the magical and fantastic to somewhat eerie <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_literature" title="Gothic literature" class="mw-redirect">"Gothic" adventure narratives</a>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry"><br /></a></p><div style="text-align: justify;" class="dablink">This article is about the genre. For the mythological character, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 264px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Punch.jpg" class="image" title="1867 edition of Punch, a ground-breaking British magazine of popular humour, including a good deal of satire of the contemporary social and political scene."><br /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> 1867 edition of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_%28magazine%29" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i>, a ground-breaking <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> magazine of popular humour, including a good deal of satire of the contemporary social and political scene.</div> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><table class="infobox" style="margin: 0pt 0px 1em; float: right; width: 132px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%; height: 92px;"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="padding-top: 0.5em;"><br /></th> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><br /></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-top: 0.5em;"><br /></th> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><br /></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-top: 0.5em;"><br /></th> </tr> <tr> <td><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Satire</b> is often strictly defined as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genre or form</a>; although, in practice, it is also found in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_arts" title="Graphic arts">graphic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_art" title="Performing art" class="mw-redirect">performing arts</a>. In satire, human or individual vices, follies, abuses, or shortcomings are held up to censure by means of ridicule, derision, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, or other methods, ideally with the intent to bring about improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Although satire is usually meant to be funny, the purpose of satire is not primarily humour in itself so much as an attack on something of which the author strongly disapproves, using the weapon of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">wit</a>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">A very common, almost defining feature of satire is its strong vein of irony or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a>, but <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a>, burlesque, exaggeration, juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendre</a> are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing. The essential point, however, is that "in satire, irony is militant".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire#cite_note-1" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup> This "militant irony" (or sarcasm) often professes to approve (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist actually wishes to attack.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry"><br />Epic</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>An <b>epic</b> (from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <i>έπος</i> or <i>επικό</i> "word, story, poem"<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry#cite_note-0" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup>is a lengthy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_poem" title="Narrative poem" class="mw-redirect">narrative poem</a>, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_poetry" title="Oral poetry">Oral poetry</a> may qualify as an epic, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lord" title="Albert Lord">Albert Lord</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milman_Parry" title="Milman Parry">Milman Parry</a> have argued that classical epics were fundamentally an oral poetic form. Nonetheless, epics have been written down at least since <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, and the works of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> would be unlikely to have survived without being written down. The first epics are known as primary, or original, epics. Epics that attempt to imitate these like Virgil's <i>The Aeneid</i> and John Milton's <i>Paradise Lost</i> are known as literary, or secondary, epics. One such epic is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" title="Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect">Anglo-Saxon</a> story <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry#cite_note-2" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup> Another type of <b>epic poetry</b> is <i><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epyllion" class="extiw" title="wikt:epyllion">epyllion</a></i> (plural: epyllia) which is a brief narrative poem with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythological" title="Mythological" class="mw-redirect">mythological</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_%28literature%29" title="Theme (literature)">theme</a>. The term, which means 'little <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epic" class="extiw" title="wikt:epic">epic</a>', came in use in the Nineteenth century. It refers primarily to the type of erotic and mythological long elegy of which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> remains the master; to a lesser degree, the term includes some poems of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a>, particularly those influenced by Ovid. One suggested example of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> epyllion may be seen in the story of Nisus and Euryalus in Book IX of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aeneid" title="The Aeneid" class="mw-redirect">The Aeneid</a></i>.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">· </span><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>yric poetry</b> refers to a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings. It may or may not be set to music.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_poetry#cite_note-0" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetics_%28Aristotle%29" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i>, contrasted lyric poetry with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>. An example would be a poem that expresses feelings and may be a song that could be performed to an audience.<br /><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music#cite_note-2" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup></p>bhter.03http://www.blogger.com/profile/14217416532291039559noreply@blogger.com0